Already settled by the Hittites, the area became important around 1200 BCE, when Ionians from Greece founded Ephesus (along with Priene and Miletus). It remained an important area till Byzantine times.

Artemis Temple

Anatolia originally worshiped the ancient fertility Goddess Cybele. She later turned into the Greek virgin goddess of the hunt and the moon, Artemis. A fabulous temple was build in her honor. When the Romans took over, Artemis became Diana.

This site was a place of pilgrimage already in 800 BCE. Around 600 BCE, when Croesus conquered Ephesus, he paid for the construction of the Artemis temple.

In 356 BCE, the temple was destroyed in a fire. The Ephesians rebuild the temple on a grandiose scale. After it was finished, it was recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Now, only one column remains of this fabulous temple.

Schematic of the original Artemis temple (326k)

The remains of the Artemis temple. (511k)

Swallows built a large nest on top of the last column of the Artemis temple. (359k)

And ducks occupy the center of the temple area. (673k)

Byzantine Aqueduct

The 6^th century Byzantine aqueduct in Selçuk is an annual nesting place for storks. Some of its pillars are used to support newer houses.

Arch of the Byzantine aqueduct. (696k)

pillars of the Byzantine aqueduct. Note the storks nests on some of the pillars. (416k)

Stork nest on top of one of the pillars of the Byzantine aqueduct. (274k)

Ephesus

Ephesus was started by Androclus, son of King Codrus of Athens. It was a prosperous city by 600 BCE.

Ephesus prospered so much during Lydian times, that King Croesus became so envious that he attacked Ephesus and destroyed it. Ephesus was forced to pay tribute to the Lydians, as well as later to the Persians.

Roman Ephesus prospered more and became the capital of Asia Minor. Its population grew to 250,000, a huge city for that time. Many of the emperors tried to outdo each other in beautifying Ephesus.

It also attracted many Christians, among them St. John with the Virgin Mary. He supposedly wrote his gospel in Ephesus. His remains are supposed to be in Ephesus. St. Paul; also spent three years in Ephesus, probably in the CE 60's.

Eventually, the harbor silted up, and Ephesus began to decline. When Emperor Justinian (527 - 565) erected a magnificent church, the Basilica of St. John, it was in Selçuk on Ayasuluk Hill, not in Ephesus.

The magnificent Library of Celsus was built in 114 by Consul Tiberius Julius Aquila to honor his father, Celsus Ploemaeanus, Roman governor of Asia Minor early in the 2^nd century CE.

The Great Theater of Ephesus was built by the Romans from 41 to 117 CE. The first theater was built during the Hellenistic period. Many features of the original building were incorporated into the Roman theater. It was capable of holding 25,000 people.

Harbour Street. This was the grandest street in Ephesus, built by the Byzantine emperor Arcadius (395 - 408). (395k)	Stone sarcophagi. (341k)	Winding procession street. (427k)	Agora (market place), heart of Ephesus' business life (from 3 BCE). (441k)	The whole hill side was full of buildings. (531k)
Fountain of Trajan. (498k)	Beautiful statues. I don't remember what this was called. (547k)	Curetes Way leading up to the Gate of Hercules. (364k)	Temple of Hadrian. (295k)	The Odeum, a small theater, dating from 150 CE, used for musical performances. (430k)
A column with Greek inscription. (403k)	A large 5th century floor mosaic, next to Curetes Way. (517k)	View from the gate of Hercules down Curetes Way toward the Library of Celsus. (350k)	The magnificent Library of Celsus, the showpiece of Ephesus, with the Gate of Augustus on the right. (422k)	Close-up of the facade of the Library of Celsus. (428k)
Detail of the facade of the Library of Celsus, with beautiful Corinthian capitals. (500k)	The Great Theater of Ephesus. (509k)	View from the top of the Great Theater with the Harbour Street on the right leading away from the theater. (414k)	View of the stage of the Great Theater. (420k)	Not all buildings in Ephesus are of the grandiose kind. There are lots of other ruins in the area. (445k)

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All pictures are © Günther Eichhorn

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